Writing Welsh in English

An article commissioned by Beatrice.com, March 2009. Read it here or at Beatrice.com


The Earth Hums in B Flat is written in English although it is told in Welsh by its young narrator. Why did I choose to write my novel in this way?

My first language is Welsh, and I learnt English when I started school. At the time when I grew up Welsh was the language of our hearth and our identity but English was the language of our education, at least at secondary and university levels. So, I speak Welsh to my family: my mother and aunt, my sister, my children and my grandchildren; and I use it in everyday life in shops, cafes, with friends and neighbours and so forth; but because there is a great gap between spoken and written Welsh I lack the confidence and the practice to use it as a vehicle for my literary efforts.

There’s also the question of who I’m writing the book for. I’m not conscious of writing for any particular audience when I’m working but I am conscious that I have a desire to explain Wales and the Welsh identity to people who are unaware of them, both within the British Isles and without. The book’s narrator is growing up in a Welsh speaking community where she would not naturally speak English. To make the point that she’s talking to the reader in Welsh I occasionally have someone say something ‘in English’. I had to consider very carefully how to write the Welsh in English, and decided that I would avoid ‘Welshisms’ but use proper names as they would be in Welsh.

I have been surprised by the number of people who have told me they can hear a Welsh ‘lilt’ in the writing. I’m not sure if that is because they expect to hear it, or whether somehow the rhythms and sounds of my first language colour the writing of my second. It’s interesting that in the British Isles only one reviewer, so far, has recognised what I’m attempting to do – an Irish reviewer, whose history has also been shaped by the influence of English governance and its language.

Welsh writing in English became part of the literature of Wales during the twentieth century. Until then, the literature of Wales was in Welsh. It is one of the oldest literatures in Europe, dating back to the prose poems of the sixth century and the oral tales of the Mabinogion put into writing in the thirteenth century, and it continues to flourish in this century, in all genres. There has been an understandable tension between the two literatures during the last century, which I suspect will never entirely dissipate. Some of us who write in English although we are Welsh speaking feel a guilt which is difficult to assuage, a feeling that we are letting down the language of our heredity and hearts. Some non-Welsh speaking Welsh writers argue that Welsh writing in English is the real literature of Wales, because the number of non-Welsh speakers in Wales is four times greater than the number of Welsh speakers, but that is to forget the centuries of writing in Welsh that has gone before them.

My next book is also in Welsh written in English. I don’t know how else to truly portray the people whose stories I’m writing and make those stories accessible to the rest of the world. The Earth Hums in B Flat is being published in the US and Australia but it is also being translated into several European languages. Some of the editors and translators have told me that they knew nothing of Wales previously, and the translators who have been in touch with me are particularly interested in the language. I wish I could read their languages so that I could see what they make of the Welsh in English in translation!



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